The closed-loop system is stable if all the roots of the characteristic polynomial have negative real parts. Or we can say that all the poles of the closed-loop transfer function lie in the left-hand ...

Jeshwanth Kundem, Engineering Project Leader at nVent, outlines considerations when selecting expansion tanks for CDUs.

Here’s how it works so far: a motor drives an electric gear pump that pumps the water through a heater. It’s a closed-loop system, so there’s a 3-way valve after the heater that keeps ...